WEIGHT GAIN (GROWTH PATTERNS)

HOW MUCH WEIGHT SHOULD I EXPECT MY BREASTFEEDING BABY TO GAIN?

Breastfed and formula-fed babies grow at different rates. In general, breast-feed babies tend to be leaner, which is healthier, especially in the long run. Here's a general guide to the growth of breastfed babies during the first year:

Weight gain of 4-7 ounces (112-200 grams) a week during the first month

An average of 1-2 pounds (1/2 to 1 kilogram) per month for the first six months

An average of one pound (1/2 kilogram) per month from six months to one year

Babies usually grow in length by about an inch a month (2.5c.m.) during the first six months, and around one-half inch a month from six months to one year.

In 1992, Dr. Katherine Dewey, of the University of California at Davis conducted a study comparing the growth patterns of normal, healthy breastfed and formula-fed infants. Dubbed the DARLING study (for Davis Area Research on Lactation, Infant Nutrition, and Growth), the results showed:

Breastfed and formula-fed infants grow at basically the same rate in the first few months.

• Between four and six months, formula-fed babies tended to gain weight faster than their breastfeeding peers, although growth in length and head circumference were similar in both groups.
• After the first six months, breastfed babies tended to be leaner. Compared to their formula-fed friends, the breastfeeding infants in this study gained an average of one pound less during the first twelve months.

The extra weight in formula-fed infants is thought to be due to excess water retention and a different composition of body fat. Researchers in the study concluded that new standardized growth charts are needed that will reflect the different growth patterns of healthy, normal breastfeeding babies.

VARIATIONS IN NORMAL PATTERNS OF INFANT WEIGHT GAIN

Weight gain is determined by more than diet, which is why there is such a wide variation in normal patterns of infant weight gain. For example, babies with different body types due to heredity have different metabolic rates, and therefore burn calories differently.

Long and lean babies (we call them "banana babies") are hypermetabolizers. They burn off calories faster than the plumper "apple babies" and "pear babies." Banana- babies are likely to grow more quickly in height than weight, so that they normally plot above average in height and below average in weight on the growth chart.

Apples and pears show the opposite pattern on the chart, usually showing gains in weight faster than height. All these patterns are normal.

A baby's temperament also influences weight gain.

Mellow, laid-back babies tend to burn fewer calories and therefore gain weight more quickly.

Active babies with persistent, motor-driven personalities who always seem to be on the go usually burn more calories and tend to be leaner.

The frequency of breastfeeding influences growth.

Babies who are breastfed on cue and offered unrestricted feedings tend to grow faster.

Infants who sleep next to mother and who enjoy the luxury of unrestricted night nursing tend to grow faster.

Infants who are the product of "baby training" (parenting programs in which babies are fed on a schedule and forced to sleep through the night using variations of the "cry-it-out method) often show delayed growth. Babies who are breastfed according to a parent-imposed and restrictive feeding schedule are not only likely to get less milk, the breast milk they get will have a lower level of fat and calories because of the longer intervals between feedings.

Various studies have shown that breastfed infants consume fewer calories and a lower volume of milk than formula-fed infants. This doesn't mean that their mothers aren't producing enough milk. Instead, it's an indication that breastfed infants have an amazing ability to self-regulate their calorie intake according to their individual needs. This ability to determine for themselves how much they eat is probably one of the reasons that infants who are breastfed are less likely to have problems with obesity later in childhood.